阅读策略五：预测

【什么是预测】

阅读策略是指阅读者为解决阅读过程中遇到的问题和帮助记忆文章内容而进行的思维活动或采取的具体行为(熊金霞，2007)。预测（predicting）类似于warming up这个步骤，旨在激发学生的阅读兴趣和必要的背景知识。《英语课程标准》（2011年版）中语言技能标准中对读的描述有：预测故事情节的发展和可能的结局。

Predicting means using clues before we begin reading, to guess what a text may be about. We might, for example, look at a newspaper’s headlines or photos, the title of a chapter or unit, the name of a writer or even the stamp and address on an envelope to make an informed guess about the general contents of the text. Predition helps us decide if we wish to read the text(if the stamp and address on the envelope suggest the text is probaly a bill, we may not be so keen), and to make sense of it when we start reading it, because it gives us the opportunity to link the topic of the text to our knowledge of the world, and more especially to our knowledge of the topic of the text. As we read through a text, we continue predicting, using what we are reading to sense what will come next. （From TKT）

【预测技巧】

在正式阅读前，教师可引导学生根据大标题、副标题、插图、表格等方式对全文内容进行预测。从What you know 过渡到What you want to know。常用的练习形式有讨论、选择、正误判断和竞赛等。

如：English in Mind一级教材中Reading on the roof一课，以下是文本内容：

Reading on the roof

Kate: Oh, hello Ben!

Ben: Hi Kate! How’s your holiday?

Kate: Well, at the moment I’m reading on the roof! It’s really sunny and we’re having a great time. Dad’s playing cards with Jess in the dining room.

Ben: You’ve got a dining room?

Kate: Well, there’s a table and a kitchen, two bedrooms, a shower and a toilet! Mum loves it. She’s taking pictures.

Ben: Hmm. I’m looking after Jamie.

Kate: Is the weather nice there too?

Ben: It’s OK. I’m sitting in the garden, but I’m not having a great time. I hate babysitting.

Kate: Oh well, sorry I can’t help!

Ben: Yeah well… have a good time! See you.

Kate: Bye!

（文本来自于English in mind）

阅读文本前，可以让学生预测文本的内容，通过观察下面两幅图片分析人物之间的关系等。可以设计以下问题，然后带着这些问题让学生阅读或听读文本。

★ What is the relationship between these people?

★ What are they doing?

★ Where are they?

通过图片，我们可以推测出第一幅图中的人物可能是家人关系，第二幅图两个人物的关系可能是兄弟。他们有的在打电话，有的在阅读，有的在拍照，有的在玩儿游戏……。通过第一幅图里的小船，绿树环保等信息可知道他们可能在公园里，第二幅图可能是花园。

通过阅读可以找出开始提出的问题的答案，Ben和Kate正在打电话，Kate正在度假，Kate的妹妹正在和父亲打牌，Kate的妈妈正在拍照，她自己正在船顶边看书边打电话。而Ben可能是Kate的好友，他正在花园里照看弟弟。

当然，我们也可以根据文章的开头预测文本的内容，或者是根据文章的内容预测文本的结尾。

再如：

Have you ever heard of “a ball of energy”？ People often use it to describe very active children. But today we tell about an invention called the soccket, that is a real soccer ball of energy. Julia Silverman explains that in fact the sOccket is a portable generator(便携式发电机)．

Julia Silverman and Jessica Matthews developed the sOccket as part of a group project for an engineering class at Harvard University.

There are mechanisms(装置) in a sOccket. When you kick, hit or throw it, energy is then kept in it by these mechanisms instead of disappearing into the environment.

Then the user can put something directly into the ball, like a lamp, or a mobile phone charger so that they can get energy from it.

For every fifteen minutes of the game play, the soccket can provide enough electricity(电) for an LED lamp for three hours, and the ball can store(储藏) up to 24 hours’ electricity.

The International Energy Association reported last year that nearly one and a half billion people in the world had no electricity to use, and most of them live in sub­Saharan Africa and in India and other countries in Asia.

Julia Silverman and Jessica Matthews both had experiences in developing countries before they began the project. They knew that power shortages are a serious problem in really areas.

There’s an energy crisis in the world. One out of every five people in the world don’t have any electricity. And besides that, there are a lot of health problems because what people use instead of the electricity are harmful choices like kerosene(煤油) lamps, which produce a lot of smoke.

Julia Silverman says the soccket ball is one small solution(解决方法) to a big problem.

Jessica Matthews and Julia Silverman hope their soccket ball will shine more light on the problem of power shortages. It offers people a chance to put their energy into the world’s most popular sport and get some energy in return.

（   ）We can infer(推断) from the passage that ______.

    A. Julia Silverman has never been to developing countries before

    B. active children like to play soccket

C. kick a soccket can let the energy disappear into the environment

D. people are expected to get some energy by playing soccket

  分析：这个预测题要根据最后一段得出。根据“It offers people a chance to put their energy into the worldronmenthine more light on the prob energy in return. ”得出答案。

（未完，待续）