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阅读策略十三：理解逻辑关系
【什么是逻辑关系】
逻辑关系在《课程标准》中的目标描述为：能理解段落中各句子之间的逻辑关系。逻辑通常指人们思考问题，从某些已知条件出发推出合理的结论的规律。关系是指若干事物之间的某种相互联系。
【理解逻辑技巧】
要理解逻辑关系，我们首先要清楚都有哪些逻辑关系，看下表：
关系类型 | 标志词和短语 |
并列关系 | and, and also, or, neither……nor, either……or, not only……but also, similarly, equally, in the same way, that is to say, as well as, same……as |
递进关系 | also, then, besides, additionally, in addition, furthermore, moreover, what is more; indeed |
因果关系 | because, for, since, as, thus, hence, therefore, so, so…..that, such…..that, in order that, due to, thanks to, on account of, because of, considering that, seeing that, in that, now that, lest, as a result, for this reason; |
转折关系 | but, however, yet, on the contrary, by contrast, on the other hand, unfortunately |
让步关系 | although, though, even though, even if, even, nevertheless, despite, in spite of |
列举（顺序）关系 | first/second/last of all, in the first place/in the second place/finally, to begin with/ to continue, first……then, on one hand……on the other hand, for one thing……for another, one……another, some……others……still others |
对比关系 | while, whereas, as, / rather than, instead of, not….. but |
时间关系 | when, whenever, before, after, since, as, while, until, till, in the meantime, at the same time |
条件关系 | if, only if, if only, unless, otherwise, as soon as, as long as, in case, suppose that, supposing that, provided that, providing that, when, whenever, with |
举例关系 | such as, for example, of (these, those, them), among (these, those, them), to take an example, more specifically speaking, namely |
例如：
Susan Carver stood in front of herhouse. She watched George Carver take things out of his pockets. George hadbeen out in the woods again, collecting things like plants, insects, rocks,frogs and a snack. Susan was happy that George loved nature. She just didn’twant George to bring all that nature into her house! Even when he was very young,George wanted to study the world outside.
Susan and MosesCarver wanted George to have a good education. But the schools near George’shouse were for white children only. So when George was about 12, the Carvessent him to a school for African Amrican children. But the school was too easyfor George. George decided to go to a different school so he can learn more.
George went to ahigh school in Kansas. He was one of the best students there, too. After Georgegraduated, he started a business cleaning people’s clothes. But George stillwanted to learn more. In 1885 a college in Kansas sent George a letter and saidhe could go to school there. But when George got to the college, they told himhe couldn’t stay. The college was only for white students. George was verydisappointed. But he kept reading and learning by himself.
In 1887, Georgestarted taking classes at Simpson College, in Iowa. George was only the secondstudent African American who went to the college. He studied art and music. ButGeorge really wanted to study plants and farming. So he decided to go to adifferent college. One year later, he went to Iowa State Agricultural College.Students there learned how to work on farms. George learned about farm animals,planting and growing crops.
George was agreat student at Iowa State Agricultural College. After he graduated, he becamea teacher at the college. He also kept studying plants. He wanted to learnabout different ways to use plants. He succeeded and became an expert in agriculture.
（ ）The right order of the following statements about George is _______.
①He went to a high school in Kansas.
②He went to Iowa State Agricultura College.
③He went to study at Simpson College, in Iowa.
④He was sent to a school for African American children.
⑤A college in Kansas sent him a letter but refused him later.
A. ④③⑤①② B. ④①⑤③②
C. ①④⑤③② D. ①⑤②④③
分析：逻辑关系题。根据文章介绍乔治的时间先后顺序可知答案为B：他被送到非裔美国人学校；他去了肯萨斯州的中学；肯萨斯州给他提供了一次大学的机会，但是后来又拒绝了；他去爱荷华州的辛普森大学学习；他去了爱荷华州农业大学学习。
再如：
Emily and Anne did know，of course. They had known about Charlotte's book for a long time. Jane Eyre was not the first book that Charlotte had sent to a publisher. Over a year ago she had written another book，The Professor，and sent it to one publisher after another. Each publisher had sent it back，in a packet addressed to Currer Bell. And then Charlotte had sent it，in the same old packet，to another publisher，and then another，and got it back again.
"Why didn't you change the paper on the packet，my dear？"I asked.
Charlotte smiled. "I didn't think of it，papa. The worst day was when we were Manchester，going to the eye doctor. Do you remember？The packet came back then. That was the day before I started writing Jane Eyre. "
"Do you mean that you started writing Jane Eyre while I was lying in the dark room in Manchester？"
"That's right，papa. "
"But that's only six months ago，and here is the book in my hand!"
"Yes，papa. The book was printed a month later after I sent it to the publisher. "
"My dear!They decided very quickly that they liked it，then!"
"I think they did，papa. After all，it is a good book，isn't it？"
She smiled at me. I don't think I have ever seen her so happy. She is a very small person. Charlotte，and not a beautiful woman，but when she smiles like that，her face shines like a fine painting. My wife used to look like that sometimes when I first met her.
I took her hand in mine. "It is a very good book，my dear. I cannot tell you how proud I am. "
She touched my hand. "Thank you，papa. But you must not be proud of me alone. You know，another two of your daughters﹣Anne and Emily…"
"Oh，no，Charlotte，please!"Emily said.
But Charlotte did not stop. "Anne and Emily have written good books too，and their books will soon be published as well!Let me introduce them to you，papa. These young ladies﹣Anne and Emily，are"not"your daughters﹣they are separately Acton Bell and Ellis Bell，brothers of the famous writer Currer Bell!"
Emily's face was bright red，but Anne and Charlotte started laughing. I was very surprised.
"All three of you!"I said. "But﹣but why do you use these strange names？"
"Because people are stupid，papa. "Anne said. "No one thinks women can write good books，so we have used men's names. And now they say that Currer Bell is a writer who understands women very well!"She laughed again.
（ ）Which is the right time order of what happened in the story？
a. The book Jane Eyre was published.
b. Charlotte wrote a book named The Professor.
c. Charlotte wrote a book named Jane Eyre.
d. The family went to the eye doctor in Manchester.
e. The books by Charlotte's sisters would be published.
A. b→e→d→c→a B. e→a→b→d→c
C. b→d→c→a→e D. e→b→c→a→d
分析：逻辑关系题。本文利用的是时间顺序。根据整篇文章内容及其第一段句子“辑关系题。本文利用的是时间顺序。根据整篇文章内容及其第一段句子ers would be published. ory is a writer whOver a year ago she had written another book”，在一年前她写了另一本书；第三段句子“when we were Manchester，going to the eye doctor… That was the day before I started writing Jane Eyre. ”当我们在曼彻斯特，要去看眼科医生,那是我开始写简爱的前一天；再看第七段句子“The book was printed a month later after I sent it to the publisher. ""My dear! They decided very quickly that they liked it，then!（这本书是一个月后，我把它寄给出版商。亲爱的！他们很快决定，他们喜欢它。）”；“Anne and Emily have written good books too，and their books will soon be published as well!Let me introduce them to you，papa. These young ladies—Anne and Emily，are"not"your daughters﹣they are separately Acton Bell and Ellis Bell，brothers of the famous writer Currer Bell!（但是夏洛蒂并没有停下来。安妮和爱米丽也写了和我一样好的书—她们的书很快也要出版了。让我来介绍一下，爸爸。这些年轻的女士不是您的女儿—她们是阿克顿•贝尔和埃利斯•贝尔，作家柯勒•贝尔的兄弟！）”可知C选项是正确的顺序。故选C。
成果展示